The percentage biased differential protection relay operates on the ratio of operate-to-restraint current according to a defined slope. This slope…
Substation design, equipment sizing, protection settings configuration, communication network design... wait, what!? The field of power system protection, automation, and…
In our previous discussion, we introduced the terms used in IEC 60909 short-circuit calculations and compared them to more familiar…
Before we start our discussion on IEC 60909, let us first review the concepts in ANSI/IEEE C37 series on short-circuit…
Short circuit calculation using ETAP can be done through the 'Short Circuit Analysis' module. This module allows the calculation of…
Circuit breaker sizing calculation for medium- and high-voltage circuit breakers basically involves two symmetrical current calculations, one for the first…
Low voltage circuit breakers, unlike their medium- and high-voltage counterparts, respond to short-circuit instantaneously. Therefore, the calculation of the interrupting…
Circuit Breaker. While the determination of the closing and latching duty is fairly a straightforward process, the calculation of the…
Power systems appear in various sizes and levels of complexity. Because of this, careful design considerations and studies such as…
Equipment selection and specification is a basic requirement in the design of any electric power system. Typically, this starts with…